![]() ![]() The typical applications of PEAs in the fields of energy harvesting, MEMS, biomedicine are first presented, and classifies piezoelectric materials according to their molecular complexity. Additionally, it introduces and classifies the commonly used PEAs in typical applications. This section presents a comprehensive overview of the common applications of PEAs, including their application background, current status, and operating principles. The main findings of this paper and points out future innovative directions for high-precision hysteresis modelling have been summarized in Section 5. The general steps for the hysteresis modelling of PEAs have been given in Section 4. The typical hysteresis models of a PEAs are presented in Section 3. The typical applications of PEAs and the characteristics of various PEAs have been described in Section 2. The subsequent sections of the paper are structured as follows. It also provides the necessary conditions for high-precision control of PEAs. Therefore, the study of PEAs’ hysteresis modelling is fundamental to obtaining high-precision hysteresis models of PEAs. Furthermore, the immanent hysteresis of PEAs, which is characterized by nonlinear behaviors based on piezoelectric materials can affect the control accuracy of PEAs. The study of PEAs is essential for better applications. Various applications based on PEAs provide higher efficiency for human production and life. Figure 1 illustrates different examples of applications of different PEAs. Over time, researchers have developed piezoelectric single crystal, piezoelectric polycrystal (ceramic), piezoelectric polymer, piezoelectric polymer composite materials, and PEAs based on the utilization of high-performance piezoelectric materials is prevalent in the field of energy harvesting, MEMS, and biomedicine. ![]() in 1880, researchers have discovered properties of piezoelectric materials such as high resolution, elevated accuracy, rapid response, low power consumption, tiny size and flexible structural design. Since the discovery of the piezoelectric effect by Curie et al. Traditional fluid, electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electromagnetic actuators are challenging to achieve micron/nanometre resolution due to the limitations of the driving source and its volume. To solve the global energy scarcity crisis and serious pollution of the ecological environment, and caused by the increase in non-renewable energy consumption, to cope with people’s high requirements for medical treatment, the nanoscale resolution requirements of nano-positioning systems in industrial domains, and the requirements of users for high performance, easy to use, reliability and low cost of industrial products. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of classical hysteresis models and PEAs, which is expected to benefit researchers in the field of piezoelectric applications and efficient hysteresis modelling. At the end of the paper, we summarize the steps of the selective hysteresis modelling of PEAs and indicate the critical points of the hysteresis modelling and future research directions. This paper reviews typical applications and classifications of PEAs, typical hysteresis models, and classifications. Researchers are working on PEAs and their hysteresis models to better serve humans with PEAs. The control accuracy of PEAs in applications is limited by the inherent hysteresis nonlinearity, which poses a challenge to their applications. Nowadays, piezoelectric actuators (PEAs), which are based on piezoelectric materials, have become widely utilized in energy harvesting, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), biomedicine and other fields. To address the above issues, researchers have been working on and developing the excellent properties of piezoelectric materials since the discovery of the piezoelectric effect. The applications based on conventional actuators struggle to cope with crises and growing demands due to their low resolution. In modern life and production, there exists a global energy crisis, an increasing demand for advanced medical services, and a need to integrate and miniaturize industrial products. ![]()
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